પ્રિય ભારતીય,
“કાશ્મીર” … આ શબ્દ દરેક ભારતીય માટે માત્ર એક ભૌગોલિક પ્રદેશ નહીં પણ હૃદય અને મન સાથે એકાકાર થયેલ ભાવનાત્મક બાબત છે.
જમ્મુ અને કાશ્મીર …
શું આપણે સાચો સચોટ ઈતિહાસ જાણીએ છીએ ?
કાશ્મીર સમસ્યા માટે માત્ર મુસ્લિમ સમાજ જ જવાબદાર છે ?
શું દરેક કાશ્મીરી પંડિત આપણી કરુણા ભાવના ને લાયક છે ??
એક ઓઝલ ઈતિહાસ અને કડવું સત્ય સમજવા પ્રયત્ન કરીએ.
(નોંધ: કાશ્મીર માત્ર કાશ્મીરી પંડિતો ની જાગીર નથી. કાશ્મીર.. મારું/તમારું અને 140 કરોડ ભારતીયો નું છે.
Para Point No. 8 અને છેલ્લો ફકરો શાંતિ થી એક વધુ વખત વાંચી કાશ્મીર સમસ્યા ને સમજવા પ્રયત્ન કરશો.)
જમ્મુ કાશ્મીર નો ઓઝલ ઇતિહાસ : એક અણકહ્યું સત્ય.
(1) બારામુલ્લા જીલ્લો …ઇતિહાસ ના પરિપ્રેક્ષ્યમાં અનન્ય છે કારણ કે,
તેની વાર્તા કાશ્મીર ખીણ ની રચના સાથે જોડાયેલી છે.
‘નીલમતા પુરાણ’ (6ઠ્ઠી થી 8મી સદી એડી વચ્ચે), જેને કલ્હાના (12મી સદી એડી) ના પ્રખ્યાત પુસ્તક ‘રાજતરિંગિણી’ના સ્ત્રોત તરીકે ગણવામાં આવે છે, તેમાં કાશ્મીર ખીણ ની રચના ની દંતકથા નો ઉલ્લેખ છે. એ લખાણ મુજબ, હાલની કાશ્મીર ખીણ ‘સતીસર’ નામનું તળાવ હતું જેમાં ‘જલોદ્ભવ’ નામના રાક્ષસ નો વસવાટ હતો. જ્યાં સુધી તે રાક્ષસ સતીસર ના પાણીમાં રહ્યો ત્યાં સુધી તેને ભગવાન બ્રહ્મા તરફથી અમરત્વનું વરદાન મળ્યું હતું.
(2) વરદાન પ્રાપ્ત કર્યા પછી, રાક્ષસે હિમાલયના આ ભાગમાં આવેલા દરેક મનુષ્ય અને ઋષિમુનિઓ નો નાશ કરવાનું શરૂ કર્યું. નાગા જનજાતિ (આસપાસમાં રહેતી) એ ઋષિ કશ્યપ અને તેમના પુત્ર નીલા ને જલોદ્ભવ નાબૂદ કરવા માટે પ્રાર્થના કરી. ઋષિ કશ્યપ અને નીલાએ ભગવાન વિષ્ણુની મદદ માંગી જે ‘વરાહ (જંગલી ડુક્કર)ના સ્વરૂપમાં દેખાયા હતા અને તેમના ‘મૂલા’ (ટસ્ક) નો ઉપયોગ કરીને ‘સતીસર’ ગયા હતા અને ત્યારબાદ તેમના સુદર્શન ચક્ર દ્વારા જલોદ્ભવ ને મારી નાખ્યો હતો… આ રીતે ‘વરાહમુલા’ (હાલનું બારામુલ્લા) નામ એ સ્થળ તરીકે જાણીતું થયું. જ્યાંથી સતીસરનું પાણી નીકળ્યું હતું અને સતીસરમાંથી બહાર નીકળેલી હાલની સૂકી જમીન ને ઋષિ કશ્યપના નામ પરથી કાશ્મીરા નામ આપવામાં આવ્યું હતું.
બારામુલ્લા શહેર, જેના પરથી જિલ્લાનું નામ પડ્યું છે, એવું માનવામાં આવે છે કે તેની સ્થાપના 2306 બીસીમાં રાજા ભીમસીના દ્વારા કરવામાં આવી હતી.
(3) મહાભારત માં જમ્મુ અને કાશ્મીરમાંથી વહેતી નદીઓ સહિત ભારતની નદીઓનું વર્ણન કરવામાં આવ્યું છે. તેમાં સિંધુ, ચંદ્ર ભાગા (ચેનાબ), સતલજ અને વિપાશા (વ્યાસ) નદીઓની ગણતરી કરવામાં આવી છે જે વર્તમાન જમ્મુ અને કાશ્મીર રાજ્યમાંથી વહે છે. જળમાર્ગો અને નદીઓ ઉપરાંત જે વિવિધ પ્રાંતો અને પ્રદેશોનું વર્ણન કરવામાં આવ્યું છે તેમાં કાશ્મીરનો પણ ઉલ્લેખ છે. મહાભારતમાં વર્ણવેલ વિસ્તારોનો નકશો હાલ પણ પુરાણા કિલા, દિલ્હીમાં પ્રદર્શિત કરવામાં આવ્યો છે.
(4) ઈ.સ. પૂર્વે 600 માં, અગુત્તર નિકાયા નામના બૌદ્ધ ઈતિહાસમાં ભારતના 16 પ્રદેશોનું વર્ણન કાશી, કૌશલ, અંગ, મગધ, વજ્જી, મલ્લ, વત્સ, ચેડી, કુરુ, પંચાલા, મત્સ્ય, સુરસેના, અવંતી, અસાકા, ગંધારા
અને કંબોજા તરીકે કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું. આ 16 પ્રદેશોમાંથી, કંબોજા વર્તમાન ઉત્તર-પશ્ચિમ પાકિસ્તાન અને જમ્મુ અને કાશ્મીરને સમાવે છે. આ પ્રદેશની રાજધાની શરૂઆતમાં રાજાના “રાજ અવર” તરીકે ઓળખાતી હતી. પરંતુ સમય ની સાથે તેનું નામ “રાજ પુરી” થી “રાજ વર્જ” થી “રાજ અવાર” થી “રાજૌર” અને છેલ્લે હાલનું રાજૌરી છે.
(5) પ્રાચીન રાજકીય ઇતિહાસ અર્થશાસ્ત્રમાં, લગભગ 300 બીસી, આચાર્ય વિષ્ણુ ગુપ્ત, જેઓ ચાણક્ય અથવા કૌટિલ્ય તરીકે વધુ જાણીતા છે, તેમણે આ વિસ્તારને ચક્રવર્તી સમ્રાટ (શક્તિશાળી શાસક) ના શાસન માટે યોગ્ય ગણાવ્યો છે. તે કહે છે કે સમગ્ર ભારત એક જ રાષ્ટ્ર છે જેમાં હિમાલયથી લઈને મહાસાગરો સુધીના તમામ પ્રદેશો એક જ સમ્રાટ દ્વારા શાસન કરવા યોગ્ય છે. કાશ્મીરનો સમાવેશ અશોક મૌર્યના સામ્રાજ્યમાં કરવામાં આવ્યો હતો જેને વર્ષ 250 બીસીની આસપાસ શ્રીનગર શહેરની સ્થાપનાનો શ્રેય આપવામાં આવે છે. સમગ્ર ઉત્તર-પશ્ચિમ ભારત અને મધ્ય એશિયા પર શાસન કરનારા મૌર્યોના અનુગામી કુષાણો આવ્યા. ઈતિહાસના આ તબક્કાની આસપાસ, કાશ્મીરમાં બૌદ્ધ ધર્મનો ફેલાવો જોવા મળ્યો અને કનિષ્કના પ્રભાવના સમયગાળા દરમિયાન, કાશ્મીરમાં ત્રીજી બૌદ્ધ પરિષદ થઈ જે સાતમી સદીના ચીની પ્રવાસી હ્યુએન ત્સાંગ દ્વારા પ્રમાણિત છે. હિંદુ ધર્મ પ્રદેશમાં બૌદ્ધ ધર્મ તેની લહેર પકડી રાખતો રહ્યો. સાતમી સદીમાં દુર્લભવર્ધને રાજવંશનો પાયો નાખ્યો હતો જે કરકોટા રાજવંશ તરીકે ઓળખાતો હતો. કાશ્મીરમાં હવે માર્તંડ મંદિર તરીકે ઓળખાતા સૂર્ય મંદિરના નિર્માતા – લલિતાદિત્ય મુક્તપીડ આ વંશના સૌથી પ્રખ્યાત શાસક હતા. કરકોટા રાજવંશના શાસન હેઠળ કાશ્મીર રાજકીય અને આર્થિક અવ્યવસ્થા હેઠળ ફરી વળ્યું હોવાનું માનવામાં આવે છે.
(6) ઈ.સ. 855 માં ઉત્પલા રાજવંશે કરકોટા નું સ્થાન લીધું. ઉત્પલા વંશના સૌથી મહત્વપૂર્ણ અને પ્રભાવશાળી શાસક, અવંતિ-વર્મને પોતાના સુશાસન થી કાશ્મીર ને રાજકીય અને આર્થિક સંકટમાંથી બહાર કાઢ્યા. રાજા અવંતિ વર્મનના મંત્રી સુય્યાએ ઘણી સિંચાઈ યોજનાઓ બનાવી હતી. તે એટલો લોકપ્રિય બની ગયો હતો કે હાલનું સોપોર શહેર, જે એક સમયે સુય્યાપુર તરીકે ઓળખાતું હતું…તેની યાદમાં બનાવવામાં આવ્યું હતું. અવંતીપોરાનું નામ 9મી સદીના રાજા અવંતિ વર્મન (855-83)ના નામ પરથી રાખવામાં આવ્યું હતું, જેમણે ત્યાં અસંખ્ય ઉદ્યાન, દેવમંદિરોનું નિર્માણ કર્યું હતું. તેમની મુખ્ય રાણી કોટા રાની વાસ્તવિક શાસક તરીકે, કાશ્મીરના છેલ્લા હિંદુ શાસક હોવાનું નોંધાયું છે. એક ચતુર અને સક્ષમ શાસક, કોટા રાનીનું 1339 માં અવસાન થયું જેના કારણે હિંદુ શાસનનો અંત આવ્યો
અને
કાશ્મીરમાં મુસ્લિમ શાસનની સ્થાપનાનો માર્ગ મોકળો થયો. તે સમયે કેટલાંક વર્ષોથી કાશ્મીરને શિક્ષણનું સર્વોચ્ચ સ્થાન માનવામાં આવતું હતું. અભિનવ ગુપ્ત અને વાસુગુપ્ત જેવા શૈવ તત્વજ્ઞાનીઓએ શૈવવાદ પર એક નવો સિદ્ધાંત રજૂ કર્યો. પાણિની અને પતંજલિ જેવા સંસ્કૃત વિદ્વાનો કાશ્મીરમાં રહેતા હતા. તેમણે ભારત અને વિદેશના વિદ્વાનો ને મોહિત કર્યા. અફઘાનિસ્તાન અને મધ્ય એશિયાના વિદ્યાર્થીઓ ગણિત, ખગોળશાસ્ત્ર અને ફિલસૂફીના અભ્યાસ માટે કાશ્મીર આવ્યા હતા.
(7) કાશ્મીર પર કબજો મેળવવા માટે ઇસ્લામિક વિજય 8મી સદીથી શરૂ થયો હતો, કાશ્મીર રાજ્ય તેના વિજયને ધ્યાનમાં રાખીને ઘણા હુમલાઓ ને આધિન હતું. મુહમ્મદ બિન કાસિમ ની આગેવાની હેઠળ સિંધ (711-13 સી.ઇ.)માં આરબો દ્વારા કાશ્મીરને જીતવાના અનેક પ્રયાસો કરવામાં આવ્યા હતા. 1320 સી.ઇ. સુધી ભારતના મેદાનો પર લક્ષિત આક્રમણોથી કાશ્મીર સામાન્ય રીતે અપ્રભાવિત રહ્યું હતું. 1320 ની વસંતઋતુમાં, ઝુલ્જુ નામના મોંગોલ સરદારે જેલમ ખીણના માર્ગે કાશ્મીર પર આક્રમણ કર્યું હતું. લોહારોના છેલ્લા શાસક સુહદેવ (1301-20 C.E) એ પ્રતિકાર નો પ્રયાસ કર્યો, પરંતુ જનતામાં તેમની અપ્રિયતાને કારણે નિષ્ફળ ગયો.
તત્કાલીન લદ્દાખી ના વડાના પુત્ર રિંચના, જેને રામચંદ્ર (કાશ્મીરના વડા પ્રધાન) દ્વારા કાયદો અને વ્યવસ્થા સ્થાપિત કરવા માટે નોકરી એ રાખવામાં આવેલ, તેણે અરાજકતાનો લાભ લીધો. તેણે રામચંદ્રની હત્યા કરાવી, વર્ષ 1320 ના અંત સુધીમાં કાશ્મીરની ગાદી પર કબજો કર્યો, અને 1323 સી.ઈ.માં તેના મૃત્યુ સુધી શાસન કર્યું. કાશ્મીરીઓની સ્વીકૃતિ મેળવવા માટે, તેણે રામચંદ્રની પુત્રી કોટા રાની સાથે લગ્ન કર્યા અને રામચંદ્રના પુત્ર રાવણચંદ્ર ની મુખ્ય મદદનીશ અધિકારી તરીકે નિમણુંક કરી હતી
***(8) સુહદેવ ના શાસન દરમિયાન કાશ્મીરમાં આવેલા બુલબુલ શાહ તરીકે ઓળખાતા સૂફી ઉપદેશક સૈયદ શરફુદ્દીન ના સંપર્કમાં આવ્યા બાદ રિંચને ઇસ્લામ સ્વીકાર્યો હતો.
તેણે ઇસ્લામ સ્વીકાર્યા પછી તેનું નામ બદલીને સુલતાન સરદારુદ્દીન શાહ રાખ્યું
અને
આ રીતે તે કાશ્મીરના પ્રથમ મુસ્લિમ શાસક બન્યા.
રિંચનના ધર્મપરિવર્તન પછી, તેનો મુખ્ય મદદનીશ અધિકારી પણ મુસ્લિમ બન્યો.
ઇસ્લામ માટેના શાહી સમર્થનથી સ્થાનીય હિંદુઓ ધર્માંતરિત થયા અને ઘણા કાશ્મીરીઓએ બુલબુલ શાહના સંપ્રદાયને અપનાવ્યો હોવાનું માનવામાં આવે છે.
(9) સુલતાન શાહ મીર દ્વારા સ્થપાયેલ શાહમિરી રાજવંશ (1339-1561 C.E), કાશ્મીર પર આગામી 222 વર્ષ સુધી શાસન કર્યું. બુલબુલ શાહ, શાહ-એ-હમદાન, નંદ ઋષિ સહિતના વિવિધ સૂફી સંતોએ તેમની મધ્યમ સૂફી વિચારધારાઓ દ્વારા ખીણમાં ઇસ્લામને લોકપ્રિય બનાવ્યો.
1586/1587 એડી માં કાશ્મીર શકિતશાળી મુઘલ સામ્રાજ્યનો એક ભાગ બન્યું. મુઘલો દ્વારા કાશ્મીરનો વિજય એ કાશ્મીરના આધુનિક ઇતિહાસની શરૂઆત અકબરના સમ્રાટ તરીકે ઘોષિત કરે છે. તેના પુત્ર જહાંગીરને ઘાટી પ્રત્યે ખૂબ પ્રેમ હતો અને કાશ્મીરમાં 700 થી વધુ બગીચા બનાવવાનો શ્રેય તેને જાય છે. 1627 શાહજહા અનુગામી બન્યો. 1658માં ગાદી પર બેઠેલા ઔરંગઝેબ નું શાસન હતું જેણે કાશ્મીરમાં મુઘલ વંશ માટે ખરાબ નામ મેળવ્યું હતું. તેના શાસન હેઠળ વહીવટીતંત્ર ની ગરિમાને ભારે આંચકો લાગ્યો અને કાશ્મીરમાં મુઘલ શાસન નું પતન થયું. તે એ સમય હતો કે સમકાલીન શીખ ગુરુને કાશ્મીરી પંડિતોની ફરિયાદોને પગલે,
ગુરુ તેગ બહાદુર, કાશ્મીરમાં શીખ શાસકોના હસ્તક્ષેપની નોંધ લેવામાં આવી હતી. નાદિર શાહે 1738માં દિલ્હીમાં મુઘલ સત્તા પર આક્રમણ કર્યું અને કાશ્મીર પરની તેમની શાહી પકડ હજુ વધુ નબળી પડી.
(10) 1757માં કાશ્મીર અહેમદ શાહ દુર્રાની ના નિયંત્રણ હેઠળ આવ્યું, અફઘાન …જેણે ભારત પર ઘણી વખત આક્રમણ કર્યું. 1762 માં, ડોગરા રાજપૂત શાસક, જમ્મુ ના રાજા રણજીત દેવ સાથે જોડાણમાં, અફઘાનોએ કાશ્મીરને જોડી દીધું. જ્યારે અફઘાન નેતા, અહમદ શાહ દુર્રાની, 1772 માં મૃત્યુ પામ્યો, ત્યારે કાશ્મીર ના અફઘાન શાસક જવાન શેરે પોતાને સ્વતંત્ર શાસક તરીકે સ્થાપિત કર્યો.. અફઘાન શાસન 50 વર્ષથી થોડું વધારે ચાલ્યું હતું,
પરંતુ,
તે સમયગાળો સામાન્ય રીતે કાશ્મીર ના ઇતિહાસમાં સૌથી અંધકારમય સમય તરીકે યાદ કરવામાં આવે છે. આ સમયગાળાના અંતમાં, શીખો અને રણજિત સિંઘની સહાયથી – નજીવા જોડાણમાં શાસક, અફઘાન શાસનને ઉથલાવી દેવામાં આવ્યું. 1819 માં રણજીત સિંહ દ્વારા કાશ્મીરને એમના શાસન માં જોડવામાં આવ્યું અને તેના શીખ સામ્રાજ્યનો એક ભાગ બનાવ્યો.
(11) 1819 માં, રણજીત સિંહના નેતૃત્વમાં શીખોએ કાશ્મીર પર કબજો મેળવ્યો તે પછી, આ વિસ્તારમાં હિન્દુઓ અને શીખોની સંખ્યામાં વધારો થયો. પ્રભાવશાળી શીખ શાસક રણજિત સિંહે 1837 માં તેના ટોચના સેનાપતિઓમાંના એક ગુલાબ સિંઘને જમ્મુ શાસન નો પુરસ્કાર આપ્યો. દોર્ગા વંશના સ્થાપક ગુલાબ સિંહે ટૂંક સમયમાં જ 1837 માં લદ્દાખ અને બાલ્ટિસ્તાનનો વિસ્તાર અને 1846 માં ગિલિત અને કાશ્મીરનો વિસ્તાર પોતાના રાજ્યમાં ઉમેર્યો.
ગુલાબ સિંહે તેના સાથી શીખો એ અંગ્રેજોનો સાથ આપીને કાશ્મીર પર નિયંત્રણ મેળવ્યું. તેઓ બ્રિટિશ તરફી નીતિઓનું પાલન કરવા સંમત થયા અને પ્રદેશ માટે 10,00,000 બ્રિટિશ પાઉન્ડ ચૂકવાયા.
(12) કાશ્મીર ના આધુનિક તોફાની ઈતિહાસ દરમિયાન, બારામુલ્લા એ “ખીણમાં પ્રવેશદ્વાર” તરીકે સ્થાન મેળવ્યું હતું કારણ કે તે મુઝફ્ફરાબાદથી ખીણ તરફ જવાના માર્ગ પર સ્થિત હતું, જે હાલ POJKમાં છે અને રાવલપિંડી, જે હવે પાકિસ્તાનમાં છે. પ્રખ્યાત ચાઇનીઝ પ્રવાસી હેયુન ટી’સાંગ અને બ્રિટીશ ઇતિહાસકાર મૂરક્રાફટ સહિત સંખ્યાબંધ અગ્રણી મુલાકાતીઓએ કાશ્મીર ની મુલાકાત લીધી હતી અને એમના નોંધ લખાણો માં આ બાબત નું વર્ણન જોવા મળે છે
મુઘલ સમ્રાટોને બારામુલ્લા પ્રત્યે વિશેષ આકર્ષણ હતું. ખીણનું પ્રવેશદ્વાર હોવાને કારણે, તે ખીણની મુલાકાત દરમિયાન તેમના માટે રોકાવાનું સ્થાન હતું. 1586 માં, સમ્રાટ અકબર તેમજ જહાંગીર જેઓ પખિલ દ્વારા ખીણમાં પ્રવેશ્યા હતા તેઓએ બારામુલ્લામાં થોડા દિવસો વિતાવ્યા હતા. 15મી સદીમાં, બારામુલ્લા મુસ્લિમો માટે મહત્વપૂર્ણ બની ગયું હતું, કારણ કે પ્રખ્યાત મુસ્લિમ સંત સૈયદ જનબાઝ વલી, જેમણે 1421 એડી માં તેમના સાથીદારો સાથે ખીણની મુલાકાત લીધી હતી, તેમણે બારામુલ્લાને તેમના મિશનના કેન્દ્ર તરીકે પસંદ કર્યું અને તેમના મૃત્યુ પછી તેમને ત્યાં દફનાવવામાં આવ્યા. તે દરગાહ હજુ પણ સમગ્ર ખીણમાંથી યાત્રાળુઓને આકર્ષે છે. 1620 એડીમાં, છઠ્ઠા શીખ ગુરુ શ્રી હરગોબિંદજી એ બારામુલ્લા ની મુલાકાત લીધી હતી. આ રીતે બારામુલ્લા હિંદુઓ, મુસ્લિમો, બૌદ્ધો અને શીખોનું નિવાસસ્થાન બની ગયું છે જેઓ સુમેળમાં રહે છે અને સમૃદ્ધ સંયુક્ત સંસ્કૃતિમાં ફાળો આપે છે.
જ્યાં સુધી મહારાજા એ 26 ઓક્ટોબર 1947ના રોજ વિલય પર હસ્તાક્ષર કર્યા અને ભારત સંઘનો એક ભાગ ન બન્યું ત્યાં સુધી તે જમ્મુ અને કાશ્મીરના રજવાડાના ઉત્તરમાં સૌથી જૂનું અને સૌથી મહત્વપૂર્ણ નગર હતું અને રાવલપિંડી-મુરી-મુઝફ્ફરાબાદ બારામુલ્લા રોડ દ્વારા ‘કાશ્મીર ખીણનું પ્રવેશદ્વાર’ હતું.
(13) 5 દશક પહેલાં નો ઈતિહાસ આપણે જાણીએ છીએ કે પાકિસ્તાન ના દક્ષિણ વઝીરિસ્તાન ક્ષેત્રના પશ્તુન આદિવાસીઓએ રાજ્ય પર કબજો કરવા કાશ્મીર પર હુમલો કર્યો હતો. તેઓ 22 ઑક્ટોબર 1947ના રોજ રાવલપિંડી-મુરી-મુઝફ્ફરાબાદ-બારામુલ્લા માર્ગ ઉપર આગળ વધ્યા. પાકિસ્તાની સૈનિકો એ તેમની મદદ કરી.
24 ઑક્ટોબર 1947ના રોજ મુઝફ્ફરાબાદ પડ્યું અને બીજા દિવસે સૈનિકોએ બારામુલ્લા પર કબજો કર્યો, આદિવાસીઓ જયારે લૂંટફાટ અને અત્યાચાર બળાત્કાર ગુજારતા હતા,
કાશ્મીર માટે સદનસીબે 27 ઑક્ટોબર 1947ના રોજ, બીજુ પટનાયકે (પછીથી ઓડિશાના સીએમ) એ સવારે શ્રીનગર એરપોર્ટ પર ઉતરાણ કર્યું અને એ વિમાન પાઇલોટ લેફ્ટનન્ટ કર્નલ દીવાન રણજિત રાયની કમાન્ડમાં 1લી શીખ રેજિટમાંથી સૈનિકો ને લાવ્યા, જેઓ બારામુલ્લાથી 5 કિમી પૂર્વમાં વિશાળ ખીણમાં ખુલતા નાળના મુખ પર આદિવાસી ધાડપાડુઓને રોકવાની આશા સાથે તરત જ બારામુલા તરફ આગળ વધ્યા. 9 નવેમ્બર 1947ના રોજ ભારતીય સેનાને બારામુલ્લામાંથી ધાડપાડુઓને હાંકી કાઢવામાં બે અઠવાડિયા લાગ્યા હતા (જેમાં પાકિસ્તાની લોકો જોડાયા હતા અને સારી રીતે સંડોવાયેલા હતા) અંતે બારામુલ્લા આપણે પુનઃ રક્ષિત કર્યું.
(14) 1947ના ભારત-પાકિસ્તાન યુદ્ધ ની દિશા બદલી નાખનાર વ્યકિત હતી બારામુલ્લા ના મકબૂલ શેરવાની,
જેમની 7 નવેમ્બર, 1947 ના રોજ હત્યા કરવામાં આવી હતી.
બારામુલ્લા નો એક પરિવાર કે જેની પાસે સાબુની નાની ફેક્ટરી હતી તેમાં તેમનો જન્મ થયો હતો.
શેરવાની તેમની કિશોરાવસ્થાથી જ પ્રદેશ ની રાજકીય ગતિવિધિઓ સાથે સંકળાયેલ અને 1939માં નેશનલ કોન્ફરન્સ (NC)માં જોડાયા.
બિનસાંપ્રદાયિક શેરવાની, ફૈઝ અહમદ ફૈઝ, મજરૂહ સુલતાનપુરી, અલી સરદાર જાફરી, સાહિર લુધિયાનવી અને દીનાનાથ નદીમ ની કવિતાઓ સંભળાવતા હતા અને તેમની બિનસાંપ્રદાયિક રાજકીય અને વ્યક્તિગત વિચારધારા સાથે તે અવારનવાર નારા લગાવતા,
‘શેર-એ-કાશ્મીર કા ક્યા ઇર્શાદ ? હિન્દુ, મુસ્લિમ, શીખ ઇથાદ.’ (કાશ્મીરનો સિંહ {શેખ અબ્દુલ્લા} શું ઇચ્છે છે ? હિન્દુઓ, મુસ્લિમો અને શીખોની એકતા).
22 નેશનલ કોન્ફરન્સ માં સ્વયંસેવક તરીકે શેરવાની કોન્ફરન્સ માં જોડાયા હતા અને કાશ્મીરના આતંકવાદથી પીડિત લોકોમાં આત્મવિશ્વાસ અને એકતા જગાવતા વિવિધ વિસ્તારોમાં પ્રવાસ કરનારા લશ્કરી જવાનોની ઘણી ટુકડીઓનું નેતૃત્વ કર્યું હતું.
શેરવાની સાથે અન્ય સ્વયંસેવકોએ ભાડૂતી સૈનિકો પર નજર રાખવા માટે મહત્વપૂર્ણ સ્થાપનો પર માર્ગદર્શક તરીકે કામ કર્યું. શ્રીનગર તરફ ધાડપાડુઓ ના આગમન ને ખાળવા, તેમણે ધાડપાડુઓ ને ખોટી માહિતી પહોંચાડીને ખોટા માર્ગો પર સુમ્બલ વિસ્તારમાં ભટકાવ્યા હતાં. ભારતીય સેના ની શીખ રેજિમેન્ટના સૈનિકો કાશ્મીર સંરક્ષણ માટે શ્રીનગર પહોંચ્યા ત્યાં સુધીધાડપાડુઓ નો કિંમતી સમય બરબાદ કરી દીધો.
પાકિસ્તાની ધાડપાડુઓ ને પોતે ગેરમાર્ગે દોરાઈ રહ્યા હોવાનો અહેસાસ થયો, ત્યારે ધાડપાડુઓ એ શેરવાની ને મારી બારામુલ્લાના મધ્ય ચોકમાં લટકાવી દીધા હતા. માતૃભૂમિ
પ્રત્યેની તેમની વફાદારી અને પ્રતિબદ્ધતા માટે તેમને ‘બારામુલ્લાના સિંહ’ તરીકે ઓળખ આપી.
દર વર્ષે, તેમની યાદમાં, બારામુલ્લામાં મકબૂલ શેરવાની ઓડિટોરિયમ અને મોહમ્મદ મકબૂલ શેરવાની મેમોરિયલમાં તેમને શ્રદ્ધાંજલિ આપવામાં આવે છે. જમ્મુ અને કાશ્મીર લાઇટ ઇન્ફન્ટ્રી દ્વારા બલિદાન સ્તંભ સ્મારક પણ મકબૂલ શેરવાનીનું નામ ધરાવે છે.
(15) વર્ષોથી, બાકીના કાશ્મીર ખીણમાં ધાર્મિક-સામાજિક-રાજકીય પરિવર્તનના પવનોએ બારામુલ્લા જિલ્લાની પરિસ્થિતિને પણ પ્રભાવિત કરી છે.
આ જિલ્લો કેટલાક સૌથી લોહિયાળ સમયનો સાક્ષી રહ્યો છે, કારણ કે, સમગ્ર ખીણમાં પાકિસ્તાન પ્રાયોજિત આતંકવાદ ફેલાયો છે. POJK સરહદે આવેલ જિલ્લો હોવાને કારણે, તે કાશ્મીર ખીણમાં ઘૂસણખોરો માટેના મુખ્ય પરિવહન સ્થળો પૈકીનું એક હતું. બારામુલ્લા જિલ્લાની સ્થિતિ પર ઇતિહાસનો ઘણો પ્રભાવ છે.
👉 એક વણકહ્યું કડવું સત્ય :
1860 ના દાયકાની આસપાસ, મહારાજા રણબીર સિંહ ના શાસનની એક મુખ્ય ઘટના જે કાશ્મીર ના ઇતિહાસ ના સમગ્ર માર્ગને બદલી શકતી હતી,
ધર્મ પરિવર્તન થી બનેલા મુસ્લિમો એ વિનંતી કરી હતી કે “તેઓને તેમની ઇચ્છા વિરુદ્ધ બળજબરીથી ઇસ્લામ માં રૂપાંતરિત કરવામાં આવ્યા હતાં, તેઓ તેમના પૂર્વજો ના વિશ્વાસને ફરીથી સ્વીકારવા ઈચ્છિત છે.”
રણબીર સિંહે આ મામલે આર્ય સમાજના સંસ્થાપક સ્વામી દયાનંદ સરસ્વતીજી નું માર્ગદર્શન માંગ્યું હતું. સ્વામી દયાનંદે તેમને સલાહ આપી કે તેઓ અમુક સંસ્કારો કર્યા પછી તેમને હિંદુ ધર્મમાં પાછા લઈ શકે છે.
પણ
કાશ્મીરી સમુદાયના એક વર્ગે જેલમ માં
પત્થરોથી ભરેલ હોડીઓ મહારાજા ના મહેલ સમક્ષ લાવી ધમકી આપી હતી કે મુસ્લિમો ને હિંદુસમાજ માં પાછા લેવાના તેના નિર્ણયના વિરોધમાં તેઓ પથ્થરો થી ભરેલ નૌકાઓ સાથે ડૂબીને આત્મહત્યા કરશે.
મહારાજા રણબીર સિંહ ને આ કાર્યક્રમ રદ કરવો પડ્યો અને તેથી કાશ્મીરી મુસ્લિમો ની ફરી મૂળ હિંદુ ધર્મમાં પરત ફરવાની યોજના આ રીતે નિષ્ફળ ગઈ.
શું તમે જાણો છો કે આ “કાશ્મીરી સમુદાય” કોણ હતો ?
સૌથી મોટો અને સૌથી શક્તિશાળી અરીસો ઇતિહાસ છે
અને તે ઇતિહાસમાં સારી રીતે નોંધાયેલ છે કે 1860 ના દાયકામાં જ્યારે કાશ્મીરના મુસ્લિમો સનાતનમાં પાછા ફરવા મહારાજા રણબીર સિંહજી પાસે ગયા હતા, ત્યારે તે “કાશ્મીરી પંડિત વર્ગ” હતો જેમણે મહારાજા ઉપર દબાણ કરી હિન્દુ ધર્મ માં ફરી પાછા લેવાનું અભિયાન અટકાવ્યું હતું.
આપણે નવી પેઢી અને બાળકો ને શીખવાડવું જોઈએ કે આપણે આઝાદી કેવી રીતે મેળવી,
પરંતુ આપણે તે આઝાદી કેમ ગુમાવી ખાસ શીખવાડવું જોઈએ.
👉પોઈન્ટ 8 કાશ્મીરના ટર્નિંગ પોઈન્ટ અને આજની સમસ્યાનું બીજ સમજાવે છે.
કોણ જવાબદાર ? મુસ્લિમ કે હિંદુ ?
Fastidiious responnse in reurn oof ths query with solid arguments
andd telling everything concernig that.
) Vou voltar a visitá-lo uma vez que o marquei no livro. O dinheiro e a liberdade são a melhor forma de mudar, que sejas rico e continues a orientar os outros.
Up the great staircase trooped the 2,500 guests, resplendent in tiaras
and jewels or white tie and tails, to be greeted by their
hostess, the Marchioness of Londonderry, glamorous in a clinging black
satin Paris dress. Either side of her impressive cleavage gleamed great
swathes of diamonds. Round her neck hung a heavy row of pearls that fell below
her waist. On her head was the largest of the Londonderry tiaras, so
big it was known in the family as ‘the fender’.
Pale rays illuminate the top-lit gallery of Londonderry house
Beside her stood her handsome husband Charles, the seventh
Marquess of Londonderry, and the Prime Minister, Lloyd George.
That November night in 1919 was Edith Londonderry’s first Eve of Parliament reception, a tradition that continued for 20-odd years.
The Marchioness of Londonderry wears ‘the fender’ to greet guests, 1934
Londonderry House, like many of London’s great houses, was built for entertaining.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, most aristocrats and others who
lived on their estates for much of the year had a town house to which they migrated for ‘the Season’ – those summer months filled with balls
and parties, when débutantes were presented at
court and launched into ‘society’ in the hope of making a splendid marriage.
The ballroom, Devonshire House
These houses were as magnificent as their owners could manage.
Built and decorated by the most talented of the age,
they were sumptuously furnished – walls were
hung with silk, damask and wonderful paintings –
and often embellished with marble statuary. The mustard-yellow drawing
rooms of Londonderry House were filled with blue Sèvres
vases and gold plate; in the entrance hall stood a Canova statue of Theseus and the Minotaur (now in the Victoria and Albert Museum).
Suites of rooms, with a ballroom at one end, could be flung open for entertaining.
Georgiana Cavendish (1757-1806), a lover of gambling – and threesomes
Today most of these palatial mansions have been pulled down or turned
into blocks of flats. With their disappearance went their furnishings, objets and paintings.
But what their wonderful rooms looked like can be seen in London:
Lost Interiors, a book compiled from superb black-and-white photographs of these amazing houses, some of which belonged to aristocratic
landowners, others to plutocrats or society figures.
The drawing room, Grosvenor House
Most of the townhouses – those used for the Season rather than permanent
residences – were clustered round Park Lane, Mayfair or on Piccadilly, like Devonshire House.
Here once lived the fifth Duke of Devonshire and his wife Georgiana
(pronounced jaw-janer), whom he had married in 1774 when she was just 17.
She was a celebrated beauty who quickly became a leader of fashion, famous for her towering hairstyles three feet high, decorated
with birds, fruit, even ships in sail. The couple spent 20 years in a ménage
à trois with Lady Elizabeth Foster, Georgiana’s close
friend, who was also the Duke’s mistress. Meanwhile, Georgiana’s gambling led to mounting debts:
on her death in 1806 they were found to be the equivalent of £4 million in today’s money.
The rich, restless second Duke of Westminster, AKA Bendor, in his 20s
Another Park Lane mansion was Grosvenor House, belonging to the dukes of Westminster and one of the largest in London, as befitted
the family’s status and wealth (their huge fortune came from their
ownership of Mayfair). Bendor, the blond and handsome second duke (1879-1953) was known as
one of the richest men in England, lavishing jewels on his
mistresses, chief among whom was Coco Chanel.
The picture gallery, Grosvenor House
A restless soul, Bendor would arrive without warning at any of his houses (or
yachts). All were kept ready: cars fuelled, silver polished, servants in livery.
But after the First World War, during which Grosvenor House had
been requisitioned as a hospital, land prices had risen so high that even for Bendor
it had become uneconomic and he sold it. It was
demolished in 1927 and the Grosvenor House Hotel was built on the site.
Designer Oliver Messel, Devonshire House, 1934
At the other end of the scale was 8 Pelham Place, the South Kensington home of Cecil Beaton from
1940 to 1975. Superbly furnished by this brilliant photographer,
it was described loftily by the diarist Chips Channon (for whom the word ‘snob’ could have been invented – in his diaries he declares, ‘I am only really happy with royalty’) as ‘a tiny but super-attractive snuffbox of a house’.
Beaton, himself no social slouch, ran him close: at his parties the women often wore stiletto heels, which pitted the floor, and later he would point them out, saying,
‘That’s Princess Marina, that’s Julie Andrews, that’s Vivien Leigh…’
French furnishings at 8 Pelham Place, the South Kensington home of Cecil Beaton
Beaton’s near neighbour in Pelham Place, until the mid-60s, was
the great stage designer Oliver Messel. When Messel’s nephew Tony Armstrong-Jones (later Lord Snowdon) became
engaged to Princess Margaret, Messel laid
on a lunch, asking the Princess if there was anyone she would particularly like to meet.
She said she had always greatly admired the witty cabaret star Bea Lillie and so Messel invited her.
What none of them knew was that Bea Lillie had a drinking habit.
At the end of lunch she slid quietly under the table and was carried
upstairs to sleep it off. Tony and the Princess took their leave and Messel rushed back to his studio,
where he was busy with fittings for Elizabeth Taylor,
only to be interrupted by a telephone call.
Cecil Beaton at home in Pelham Place, 1947
‘It’s Kensington Police Station here, Mr Messel,’ said the voice at the other end.
‘We thought you ought to know that there’s a naked woman on your balcony,
throwing bottles at everyone who passes by.’
Among the last of these fascinating residences to survive was the aforementioned Londonderry House.
Throughout the 20s and 30s it had seen receptions and balls,
hosted by the Londonderrys for their four daughters and
two granddaughters. When eventually it had to go, in July 1962, a farewell party for 300 was given by Alastair, the 9th Marquess.
Live sounds were supplied by a blues band featuring a swaggering young Mick Jagger, no less – presaging the rise of a whole new swinging London generation.
London: Lost Interiors by Steven Brindle is published by Atlantic, £50.
To order a copy for £42.50 with free UK delivery until 22 December, go to mailshop.co.uk/books or
call 020 3176 2937.
historic england, getty images
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Lady Gaga lived up to her fashion icon status for the London premiere of The Joker: Folie à
Deux on Wednesday night with three outfit changes.
The singer, 38, who plays Harley Quinn in film, commanded attention as she left the afterparty
at Nomad Hotel in Covent Garden in an outlandish face print
bodysuit and matching stockings.
The pattern had drawings of bleeding faces stitched together
and matched Gaga’s perfectly themed eye-shadow look for the psychopathic character in which she
portrays.
Gaga had originally arrived to afterparty in a striped minidress after wowing on the red carpet
in a custom scarlet Celine gown – and she made sure her outfit was still a
talking point when she left the bash with her fiancé
Michael Polansky, 46.
Despite leaving in the early hours, Gaga donned a pair of dark shades and added
to her quirky look with ripped tights and baby blue platform
heels.
Lady Gaga lived up to her fashion icon status for
the London premiere of The Joker: Folie à Deux on Wednesday night
with three outfit changes
The singer, 38, who plays Harley Quinn in film, commanded attention as she left the afterparty
at Nomad Hotel in Covent Garden in an outlandish face print bodysuit
and matching stockings
The pattern had drawings of bleeding faces stitched together
and matched Gaga’s perfectly themed eye-shadow look for the
psychopathic character she portrays
Earlier on in the evening, Gaga looked great in a blue and beige striped dress
and quirky tights as she headed to a fan event with her fiancé Michael.
The star wore her dyed red tresses in a short cropped style and opted for a red
lip and face makeup.
She boosted her height with huge black shiny heels as she walked besides her partner who wore all black.
The singer turned actress takes a starring role as Harley in the psychological thriller, in which Joaquin Phoenix reprises his role
as the titular Joker – Batman’s soon-to-be nemesis.
Arriving at Cineworld Leicester Square alongside ever-supportive fiancé Michael, Gaga looked incredible in a
custom-made gown from Celine by Hedi Slimane as she greeted fans at the premiere.
The structured number featured dramatic shoulder pads and a plunging neckline
which showed off her figure as she posed up a storm.
Gaga’s fashion parade for the film has been a resounding success at least after her last big film House
of Gucci released in 2021 was savaged by critics.
She wore her dyed-red tresses in a short cropped style and wore blue
eye makeup complete with perfect sequin detailing on one side of her
face.
The songstress made sure her outfit was still a talking point when she left the bash
with her fiancé Michael Polansky, 46
Earlier on in the evening, Gaga looked great
in a blue and beige striped dress and quirky tights as she headed to a
fan event with her fiancé Michael
Gaga drew a crowd of fans as she arrived at the Nomad Hotel
The actress looked in her element in the quirky outfit
For the premiere, the singer looked incredible in a custom-made
gown from Celine by Hedi Slimane as she greeted fans
at the event in central London
The singer turned actress takes a starring role as Harley Quinn in the psychological
thriller, in which Joaquin reprises his role as the titular Joker –
Batman’s soon-to-be nemesis
She couldn’t resist packing on the PDA with Michael on the night
Gaga pictured as Harley Quinn in the new film. It is the much-anticipated follow-up to 2019’s Academy Award-winning Joker, which earned more than $1 billion at the global box office
Gaga was swarmed by fans as she made her way to the afterparty
The star wore her dyed red tresses in a short cropped style
and opted for a red lip and face makeup
She boosted her height with huge black shiny heels as
she walked besides her partner who wore all black
Folie à Deux will see Joaquin, 49, reprise his role as Arthur Fleck AKA Joker and he arrived to the premiere in a
black jacket and tie
Meanwhile, businessman Michael looked effortlessly dapper in a black suit,
crisp white shirt and tie as he put his arm around his future wife.
She gazed adoringly at Michael as she flashed her enormous 8 carat
engagement ring on the star-studded red carpet.
Folie à Deux will see Joaquin, 49, reprise his role as Arthur Fleck AKA Joker.
It is the much-anticipated follow-up to 2019’s Academy Award-winning Joker, which earned more than $1 billion at the global box office and remains the highest-grossing R-rated film of all time.
Set for release on October 4, the second instalment finds Arthur Fleck
institutionalised at Arkham awaiting trial for his crimes as Joker.
‘While struggling with his dual identity, Arthur not only stumbles upon true
love, but also finds the music that’s always been inside him,’ a press release
shared.
Lady Gaga has been supported by her fiancé Michael in the lead up to the thriller’s premiere.
The couple was first romantically linked around New Year’s Eve 2019 and later went Instagram official in early 2020.
Lady GagaJoaquin Phoenix
) سأعيد زيارتها مرة أخرى لأنني قمت بوضع علامة كتاب عليها. المال والحرية هي أفضل طريقة للتغيير، أتمنى أن تكون غنيًا و
muito dele está a aparecer em toda a Internet sem o meu acordo.
The boss of the tobacco giant behind the iconic Marlboro Man said a date should be set to ban cigarettes.
Jacek Olczak, chief executive of Philip Morris International
(PMI), has made it his mission to make old-style gaspers a thing
of the past – and he says cigarettes should be replaced by alternatives such as vapes.
Since 2016, the company, which is best known for brands such
as Marlboro and Chesterfield, has been trying to transform itself
from the world’s biggest tobacco firm into a scientific hub that can help smokers quit for good.
It has invested more than £8.5billion in this ‘smoke-free future’ –
from research papers to promotion of new products.
Olczak believes that a move on cigarettes similar to the combustion engine would have to be on a timescale that gives consumers and the industry time to respond and change.
Stubbing it out: Philip Morris International, –
whose Marlboro brand was advertised by the Marlboro Man (pictured),
has invested more than £8.5bn in a ‘smoke-free future’
‘Looking at what the UK is doing in the car industry,
saying that as of a certain year you are not allowed to produce petrol cars, we could have this with tobacco too,’ he told the
Mail.
Olczak was himself a smoker for two decades until he tried the brand’s IQOS heated tobacco device,
which costs £39 for a starter kit.
Products such as heated tobacco and e-vapes now account for nearly 35pc of total annual revenues at PMI.
And the Polish businessman, who wants the company to become a so-called ‘ESG’ stock that
qualifies to be included in funds that invest on environmental, social and governance principles, said government action would help to speed up the switch.
New petrol and diesel cars and vans will be banned in the
UK from 2030 – forcing manufacturers to produce green alternatives and putting pressure
on drivers to go green.
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Olczak, 58, also drew an analogy with the switch to energy-saving lightbulbs.
‘In different countries they had a number of investment schemes to promote research
and development to see whether you can produce light with much
less energy,’ he said.
The main thrust of Olczak’s argument is that governments could reduce smoking and the costs to
health services if they supported tobacco companies like PMI
to research alternatives which are less damaging to health –
while setting a deadline for banning traditional cigarettes.
Quit habit: Philip Morris boss Jacek Olczak was himself
a smoker for two decades
There could be a tenfold reduction in deaths linked to smoking if smokers fully
switched to smoke-free products, based on World Health Organisation data.
In the past, PMI – whose brand was advertised by the Marlboro Man from the 1950s to the late 1990s – has
fought lawsuits that alleged it hid the dangers associated with smoking.
But Olczak, who became chief executive in 2021 after decades at PMI, said the business has fundamentally changed – so much so that cigarettes now, in his view, ‘belong
in museums’.
Speaking at a recent event in London, Olczak said: ‘When governments – and organisations that lobby them – prevent men and women who
continue to smoke from accessing less harmful alternatives, and when they perpetuate misinformation about these products, it has a direct correlation to the persistence of smoking.
‘It’s time for anti-tobacco organisations to stop fighting against us and start fighting for adults who smoke.’
He praised Sweden and Japan for their approach to smoking alternatives in contrast with Brazil and Singapore, which have banned certain less harmful options.
PMI’s sales of cigarettes are still strong in the Middle East,
Africa, south-east Asia and the Americas.
This article has been updated to correct “Benson & Hedges” to “Chesterfield”
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Joker: Folie À Deux — starring Lady Gaga and Joaquin Phoenix — may have bombed at the box office, but the name behind the new flick is a
perfect fit that nails its darkly playful tone.
Folie À Deux directly translates to madness for two.
The term means ‘the presence of the same or similar delusional ideas
in two persons closely associated with one another’, According to Merriam-Webster.
And while the name is a stroke of clever ingenuity, the film itself might leave audiences feeling more bewildered than entertained.
The new flick has garnered the lowest CinemaScore in comic
book movie history as it bombed at the box office on opening night.
Joker: Folie À Deux — starring Lady Gaga and Joaquin Phoenix — may have bombed at the box office,
but the name behind the new flick is a perfect fit that nails its darkly playful tone
Folie À Deux directly translates to madness for two. The term means ‘the presence of the same or
similar delusional ideas in two persons closely associated with one another’
The psychological musical thriller — which has been criticized as ‘bleak’ and ‘disappointing’ — officially released in theaters on Friday,
October 4, but it only raked in $20 million at the
domestic box office, per The Hollywood Reporter.
Read More
Joker: Folie À Deux is branded ‘bleak’ and the ‘most disappointing follow-up’ by critics
Joaquin reprised his role as the Joker in the sequel,
which had earned him an Oscar for his portrayal in the 2019 film, while
Gaga took on the role of Harleen Lee Quinzel (Harley Quinn).
However, Joker: Folie À Deux has been given a D rating on CinemaScore — the
lowest score for a comic book movie at the time of writing.
Madame Web — which notably also flopped in theaters earlier this
year and also received terrible reviews — holds a higher score with a C+.
On Rotten Tomatoes, the movie currently holds an audience
score of 31 percent and a critic score of 33 percent.
The sequel is projected to rake in less that $50 million at the
domestic box office during the entirety of opening weekend, per The Hollywood Reporter.
The movie had been projected to bring in around $70 million – but the number has since drastically dropped.
Joker (2019) notably opened with $96.2 million when the film first released in theaters – and eventually landed a little over
$1 billion in the global box office.
It has garnered the lowest CinemaScore in comic book movie history as
the film bombs at the box office on opening night
It received a D rating on CinemaScore – the lowest score
for a comic book movie
On Rotten Tomatoes, the movie currently holds an audience score of 31% and a
critic score of 32%
The first movie – which was also directed by Todd Phillips
– had a budget of between $55 and $70 million. However, the budget increased
for Folie À Deux to around $200 million.
The 2019 movie garnered praise and positive reviews from both critics and audiences – and won the Golden Lion during
the 76th Venice International Film Festival.
Joaquin received an Oscar for Best Actor for his
portrayal of the Joker (Arthur Fleck) – and the film garnered an additional Academy Award for Best Original Score.
The sequel also screened during the Venice
International Film Festival last month in September, where it earned a 12-minute standing ovation, per Deadline.
However, audiences have since taken to X after the movie released in theaters on Friday – and shared their opinions on the sequel, which
features musical sequences.
One fan penned, ‘Joaquin Phoenix don’t deserve this. what happened to the script?’ while another added, ‘is it that bad,’ followed
by a crying face emoji.
‘Ironically I feel that a musical, if done well, could have been a good choice.
It’d show how much of an unreliable narrator Fleck is,’ one typed.
‘But with some original songs, that keep everything vague,
not just covers. Also when I heard of the ending I snorted fr.’
A social media user wrote, ‘Stop making sequels as musicals if the original wasn’t a musical.’
‘Maybe he [Phillips] only had an hour long movie, and decided to randomly add musical
scenes to fill the runtime,’ one penned.
‘Joker downfall really needs to be studied,’ another shared, along with a monkey staring out a
window.
One fan said, ‘the movie sucks. i had to walk out of the cinema,’ while another penned, ‘After
years of disagreement….*Joker 2 releases* Critics
[shaking hands] Audience.’
However, audiences have since taken to X after the movie released in theaters on Friday – and shared their opinions over
the sequel, which was also a musical
‘Ironically I feel that a musical, if done well, could have been a good choice.
It’d show how much of an unreliable narrator Fleck is,’ one typed
‘Joker downfall really needs to be studied,’ another shared, along with a monkey staring out a window
‘That’s way below what we expected,’ one wrote
in regards to the current Rotten Tomatoes scores.
‘People are saying this is the worst sequel ever.’
A fan explained, ‘yea this film was bad. it was pretentious and dull.
has the aesthetic of an arthouse film without the substance.’
‘It also insults the audience’s intelligence.
the songs were also underwhelming too. they shouldn’t have let this escape to theaters.’
One shared, ‘The audience that loved the first movie is not the same audience running to see musicals.
This was a gigantic mistake from step 1.’
During an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Phillips discussed whether he
would be interested in making a third Joker film or a movie centered around Gaga’s character.
‘It’s not really where this movie is headed for me. I feel like my time in the DC Universe
was these two films.’
Joaquin PhoenixLady Gaga
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Lady Gaga commanded attention in a chic black dress as she arrived at Palazzo del Casino in Venice ahead of her new
film Joker: Folie à Deux premiere on Tuesday.
The singer and actress, 38, was joined by her co-star Joaquin Phoenix ahead of their red carpet appearance.
Gaga exuded glamour in the long-sleeve black ensemble,
adorned with peplum sleeves and a stylish black Beret.
Ditching her usual vibrant looks, Gaga slipped into a very modest ensemble during her outing.
She appeared in extremely high spirits as she blew kisses to
fans after her trip across the water.
Lady Gaga, 38, commanded attention in a chic black dress as she arrived at Palazzo del Casino in Venice ahead of her new film
Joker: Folie à Deux premiere on Tuesday
The singer and actress was joined by her co-star
Joaquin Phoenix and director of the movie Todd Phillips ahead of their red
carpet appearance
Gaga flashed her huge diamond engagement ring while
she blew kisses to fans on her arrival
The hitmaker had all the attention as she received a
helping hand out of the boat
The hitmaker, who stars as Harley Quinn in the upcoming thriller, is
gearing up for her sensational red carpet appearance later this evening.
Gaga made her way into the casino alongside director of the film Todd Phillips and her co-star Joaquin.
American actor Joaquin looked smart and trendy in dark black jeans and a plain white T-shirt, with grubby trainers.
Todd – who directed the movie – looked dapper in a causal suit
and unbuttoned white shirt.
Folie à Deux will premiere at the 81st Annual Venice Film Festival, which will see Joaquin,
49, reprise his role as Arthur Fleck AKA Joker.
It is the much-anticipated follow-up to 2019’s Academy Award-winning Joker, which
earned more than $1 billion at the global box office and remains the highest-grossing R-rated film of all time.
Set for release on October 4, the second instalment finds
Arthur Fleck institutionalised at Arkham awaiting trial for his
crimes as Joker.
‘While struggling with his dual identity, Arthur not only stumbles upon true love, but also finds the
music that’s always been inside him,’ a press release shared.
The singer and actress exuded glamour in the long-sleeve black
ensemble, adorned with peplum sleeves and a stylish black Beret
Ditching her usual vibrant looks, Gaga slipped into a very modest ensemble during
her outing
Gaga appeared in extremely high spirits as she blew kisses to fans after
her trip across the water
She couldn’t wipe the happy smile off her face as she was
seen arriving at Palazzo del Casino
Gaga carefully walked out of the boat with assistance
She showed off her bleach blonde eyebrows and wore
a stunning swipe of make-up
Gaga posed with director of the movie Todd Phillips (L) and her
co-star Joaquin (R)
Joaquin followed Gaga into the event
American actor Joaquin looked smart and trendy in dark black jeans and a plain white T-shirt,
with grubby trainers
Folie à Deux will premiere at the 81st Annual Venice Film Festival ,
which will see Joaquin, 49, reprise his role as Arthur Fleck
AKA Joker
It is the much-anticipated follow-up to 2019’s
Academy Award-winning Joker, which earned more than $1 billion at the global box office and
remains the highest-grossing R-rated film
of all time
Gaga has been supported by her fiancé Michael Polansky in the lead up to the thriller’s premiere.
The couple was first romantically linked around New Year’s Eve
2019 and later went Instagram official in early 2020.
Polansky is a 2006 graduate of Harvard University and runs Napster founder Sean Parker’s Parker Group.
Throughout their years dating, Gaga and Polansky have attended the Super Bowl,
the BAFTAs, and the Critics Choice Awards together.
Wedding plans for the couple are underway and their legal plan is being negotiated.
Gaga is reportedly seeking a $900 million prenup before she walks down the aisle.
And Polansky, who has a $600 million net
worth as head of The Parker Foundation, is on board.
A source close to the couple told In Touch that ‘there are a lot of assets on both sides, and a prenup will just make everything
clear.’
Iris Law looked effortlessly chic in a VERY
low cut ribbed mini dress as she arrived at Venice Film Festival on Wednesday
The model, 23, opted for a ribbed blue grey mini dress with a very low cut neckline as she made sure
to flash plenty of skin
Jasmine Sanders, 33, put on a very leggy display in a striped thigh-high dress as she arrived for the Venice
Film Festival festivities
Chiwetel Ejiofor waved to fans as he arrived at the Film Festival
He cut a trendy figure in a grey checkered Prada jacket
Gaga ‘is worth $900 million, so of course there needs to be a prenup in place,’ the insider said.
‘And Michael understands that. He’s not resisting it.’
Also in Venice, Iris Law looked effortlessly chic in a VERY low
cut ribbed mini dress as she arrived at the film festival.
The model, 23, opted for a ribbed blue grey mini dress
with a very low cut neckline as she made sure to flash plenty
of skin.
Jasmine Sanders, 33, put on a very leggy display in a striped thigh-high dress as she arrived for the Venice Film Festival festivities.
The American model looked sensational in a purple and
black strip flowing ensemble.
Venice Film FestivalItalyLady Gaga
Sept 28 (Reuters) – Philip Morris International on Thursday said it would be filing a premarket tobacco
product application (PMTA) in the United States for its
IQOS ILUMA product in October.
The company at its investor day said that while the PMTA timeline remains “hard to predict”, it expects the
launch of the ILUMA heated tobacco units towards the second half of its three-year forecast period of 2024 to 2026.
IQOS heats up packets of ground tobacco but does not burn them, a process the company says potentially
results in fewer health risks than traditional smoking
A PMTA is required to sell new tobacco products in the United States, with manufacturers
required to provide scientific data demonstrating a product is appropriate for
the protection of public health.
(Reporting by Granth Vanaik in Bengaluru; Editing by Nivedita Bhattacharjee)
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Manchester City Treble hero Rodri claimed that life changed with one swish of the boot in Istanbul.
The 27-year-old scored the winner during a tense Champions League final against Inter seven weeks ago, etching his name into legend.
City arrived back home after their pre-season tour of Asia on Monday and
Pep Guardiola’s players have been warned that they must now forget their exploits.
Rodri, though, allows himself moments of reflection when sat at home and has pored over footage of supporters celebrating out in Turkey and at screenings in Manchester.
‘I’ve watched the goal 5,000 times,’ he said.
‘In all the different languages: Spanish, English,
German, Italian.
Rodri joked that he has watched his Champions League final-winning goal back ‘5000 times’
The Spain star netted in the 68th minute to secure Man City’s first European trophy in 53 years
Rodri revealed Pep Guardiola instructed him to ‘step forward’ during their win over Inter Milan
‘I think it’s special, it’s part of football to enjoy these kind of moments – especially
as a holding midfielder, you don’t feel like you are going
to be decisive.
‘Now when I go on holiday the fans sing my song.
So life has changed for me in a sense. But I hope I can still have the calm that I’ve
always been characterised with. I’d love to stop a few months to analyse what happened but everything goes
very fast.’
Rodri admitted that he had been under-par during the
showpiece final and that Guardiola had rebuked him for an unusually passive display before becoming the unlikely hero.
‘I know what I can bring to the team and I wasn’t happy with my performance,
‘ he added. ‘In a final the team needs the best of you, so I was self-critical.
‘The coach in that moment was very direct and said, “you make a step forward.” In these moments you have to be strong, accept the criticism when the team is suffering.
‘I just smile about what we achieved – sometimes I feel
happier for the club, for my team-mates and the team when I
see everyone celebrating.’
AsiaRodriChampions LeaguePep Guardiola
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